Nonlinear optical responses of carbazole-substituted phthalocyanines conjugated to graphene quantum dots and in thin films

Three different phthalocyanine complexes substituted with carbazoles were conjugated to graphene quantum dots (GQDs)through π–π stacking. The morphologies, sizes, and crystallinities of the nanoconjugates were determined using Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The nonlinear optical (NLO)properties of the metallophthalocyanines alone and when conjugated to the GQD nanomaterial in different solvents, as well as after having been embedded in thin films, were studied. The effects of the different substituents and solvents on the NLO properties of the metallophthalocyanines were evaluated. Enhancements in the photophysical properties of the complexes upon conjugation with the nanomaterial were observed. Fluorescence quantum yields, fluorescence lifetimes, triplet quantum yields, and triplet lifetimes were measured for the complexes, and for their conjugates in DMSO.